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Pachycephalosaurus: The Dome-Headed Dinosaur
The Pachycephalosaurus, meaning "thick-headed lizard," lived approximately 70 to 66 million years ago during the Late Cretaceous period in what is now North America. This unique herbivorous dinosaur is famous for its thick, dome-shaped skull, which may have been used for head-butting or display.

Physical Characteristics:
Size and Build:

Pachycephalosaurus measured around 4.5 meters (15 feet) in length and weighed approximately 450 kilograms (1,000 pounds).
It had a bipedal stance, with long, strong legs and a short, stiff tail for balance.
Dome-Shaped Skull:

The most distinctive feature of Pachycephalosaurus was its thickened skull dome, which could be up to 25 centimeters (10 inches) thick.
Surrounding the dome were small, bony knobs and ridges, adding to its distinctive appearance.
Teeth and Jaw:

Its teeth were small and leaf-shaped, suited for chewing soft plants, fruits, and possibly seeds.
Its beak-like mouth was ideal for cropping vegetation.
Behavior and Social Dynamics:
Head-Butting:

The thick dome of its skull has led to theories that Pachycephalosaurus engaged in head-butting contests, similar to modern-day rams or goats, possibly for territory or mating rights.
However, some studies suggest the dome may have been used more for flank-butting or display rather than direct head-on collisions.
Display and Communication:

The dome and surrounding knobs may have been used for visual displays to attract mates or intimidate rivals.
Differences in dome shape between individuals could indicate age or gender.
Habitat:

Pachycephalosaurus lived in forested regions and open plains, where it could graze on low-lying vegetation and shrubs.
Fossil Discoveries:
The first Pachycephalosaurus fossils were discovered in the 1930s in Montana, USA.
Since then, additional specimens have been found in Canada and the United States, though complete skeletons remain rare.
Fossils primarily consist of skull fragments, with few post-cranial remains, leaving much of its body anatomy open to interpretation.
Extinction:
Pachycephalosaurus was one of the last non-avian dinosaurs, going extinct around 66 million years ago during the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event.

Cultural Legacy:
Pachycephalosaurus is a popular dinosaur in media and pop culture, often portrayed head-butting rivals in battles. It appeared in Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom as a humorous but formidable dinosaur.
Its unique dome-shaped skull makes it one of the most recognizable dinosaurs among enthusiasts and researchers.
Interesting Facts:
Thickest Skull: Pachycephalosaurus had the thickest skull of any known dinosaur, capable of withstanding significant impact forces.
Misidentifications: Early fossil discoveries led to Pachycephalosaurus being misidentified as a carnivore due to its dome, which was thought to be a carnivorous predator's snout.
Rare Fossils: Most Pachycephalosaurus fossils consist of skull fragments, making complete reconstructions speculative.
